Antioxidant

In summary, AX (astaxanthin) acts on a variety of biological defenses not only directly and indirectly through its potent antioxidant activity, but also through direct action on the AMPK/Sirtuins/PGC-1a pathway and others. This action should be taken with full consideration of a better understanding of the biological activities of AX and other carotenoids. The activation of mitochondria and their function as a biological defense system should be more effectively understood in relation to various diseases associated with energy metabolism and aging (e.g., metabolic syndromes including T2DM, dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis, frailty in aging including cognitive impairment, cachexia, and sarcopenia).